SECTION LAYERS
SPECIMEN FLOATING · SCALE ≈ 1 : 300
ORGANELLE
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PLANT ⇄ ANIMAL DIFFERENCES
Drive the chloroplast with light, CO2 and temperature and watch oxygen evolution respond. Which factor is limiting right now?
Bathe the specimen in different solutions and watch water move. Hypertonic surroundings pull water out — and the protoplast pulls away from its wall.
Water potential Ψ = Ψs + Ψp · the wall answers pressure with turgor.